A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors that monitor physical or environmental conditions. These sensors communicate wirelessly, typically using low-power protocols such as Zigbee or Bluetooth, and collaboratively pass their data through the network to a central location for analysis. Each sensor node is equipped with sensing, processing, and wireless communication capabilities, often powered by batteries due to their deployment in remote or inaccessible locations. WSNs are utilized in diverse applications such as environmental monitoring, industrial automation, healthcare, and smart infrastructure, enabling real-time data collection, decision-making, and control. Challenges include energy efficiency to prolong node lifespan, scalability to handle large deployments, and ensuring data security and reliability in dynamic and harsh environments.
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