What is 5G Network Architecture?

 

The first question you may be asking is: What exactly is 5G? The second question may be: How is it architected differently to deliver speed, low latency, capacity, and numerous other benefits?

In this article, we will tackle the 5G architecture question. We will look at some of the capabilities made possible by 5G network architecture and how connected applications can benefit from it. You can find more resources in the links throughout this article and in the related resources in the footer. For a good basic 5G introduction, see the article, What Is 5G, Part 1. Our 5G overview continues in Part 2, Who Will Adopt 5G Technology, and When?

One thing is certain: Our connected world is changing. 5G, with its next-generation network architecture, has the potential to support thousands of new applications in both the consumer and industrial segments. The possibilities for 5G seem almost limitless when speed and throughput are exponentially higher than current networks.

These advanced capabilities will enable applications across vertical markets such as manufacturing, healthcare, and transportation, where 5G will play a major role in everything from advanced manufacturing automation to fully autonomous vehicles. In order to develop profitable business use cases and applications for 5G, it helps to have at least a general understanding of the 5G network architecture that lies at the heart of all these new applications.

5G has received an enormous amount of attention, and more than a little hype. While the potential is enormous, it’s important to know that the industry is still in its early stages of adoption. The process of deploying the 5G network started many years ago and involved building out the new infrastructure, most of which is funded by the major wireless carriers.

Full 5G deployment will take time, rolling out in major cities long before it can reach less populated areas. Digi supports our customers in preparing for 5G, with communications on migration planning and next generation products. While Digi is not directly involved in developing the 5G new radio (NR) core and 5G radio access network (RAN), Digi devices will be an integral part of the 5G vision and their use in a myriad of 5G applications.

5G Design and Planning Considerations

The design considerations for a 5G network architecture that supports highly demanding applications is complex. For example, there is no one-size-fits all approach; the range of applications requires data to travel distances, large data volumes, or some combination. So 5G architecture must support low, mid and high-band spectrum – from licensed, shared and private sources – to deliver the full 5G vision.

For this reason, 5G is architected to run on radio frequencies ranging from sub 1 GHz to extremely high frequencies, called “millimeter wave” (or mmWave). The lower the frequency, the farther the signal can travel. The higher the frequency, the more data it can carry.

There are three frequency bands at the core of 5G networks:

• 5G high-band (mmWave) delivers the highest frequencies of 5G. These range from 24 GHz to approximately 100 GHz. Because high frequencies cannot easily move through obstacles, high-band 5G is short range by nature. Moreover, mmWave coverage is limited and requires more cellular infrastructure.

• 5G mid-band operates in the 2-6 GHz range and provides a capacity layer for urban and suburban areas. This frequency band has peak rates in the hundreds of Mbps.

• 5G low-band operates below 2 GHz and provides a broad coverage. This band uses spectrum that is available and in use today for 4G LTE, essentially providing an LTE 5g architecture for 5G devices that are ready now. Performance of low-band 5G is therefore similar to 4G LTE, and supports use for 5G devices on the market today.

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