Difference between 4G and 5G Network Architecture

 

In this section, we’ll discuss how 4G and 5G architectures differ. In a 4G LTE network architecture, the LTE RAN and eNodeB are typically close together, often at the base or near the cell tower running on specialized hardware. The monolithic EPC on the other hand is often centralized and further away from the eNodeB. This architecture makes high-speed, low-latency end-to-end communication challenging to impossible.

As standards bodies like 3GPP and infrastructure vendors like Nokia and Ericsson architected the 5G New Radio (5G-NR) core, they broke apart the monolithic EPC and implemented each function so that it can run independently from each other on common, off-the-shelf server hardware. This allows the 5G core to become decentralized 5G nodes and very flexible. For example, 5G core functions can now be co-located with applications in an edge datacenter, making communication paths short and thus improving end-to-end speed and latency.

   

Source: Techmania

Another benefit of these smaller, more specialized 5G core components running on common hardware is that networks now can be customized through network slicing. Network slicing allows you to have multiple logical “slices” of functionality optimized for specific use-cases, all operating on a single physical core within the 5G network infrastructure.

A 5G network operator may offer one slice that is optimized for high bandwidth applications, another slice that’s more optimized for low latency, and a third that’s optimized for a massive number of IoT devices. Depending on this optimization, some of the 5G core functions may not be available at all. For example, if you are only servicing IoT devices, you would not need the voice function that is necessary for mobile phones. And because not every slice must have exactly the same capabilities, the available computing power is used more efficiently.

The Evolution of 5G

Every generation or “G” of wireless communication takes approximately a decade to mature. The switch from one generation to the next is mainly driven by the operators’ need to reuse or repurpose the limited amount of available spectrum. Each new generation has more spectral efficiency, which makes it possible to transmit data faster and more effectively over the network.

The first generation of wireless communication, or 1G, started back in the 1980s with analog technology. This was followed quickly by 2G, the first network generation to use digital technology. The growth of 1G and 2G was initially driven by the market for mobile phone handsets. 2G also offered data communication, but at very low speeds.

The next generation, 3G, began ramping up in the early 2000s. The growth of 3G was driven by handsets again, but was the first technology to offer data speeds in the 1 Megabit per second (Mbps) range, suitable for a variety of new applications both on smartphones and for the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem. Our current generation of wireless technology 4G LTE, began ramping up in 2010.

It’s important to note that 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) has a long life ahead; it is a very successful and mature technology and is expected to be in wide use for at least another decade.

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