"Cryogenic synthesis enables scalable, stable, chemically versatile crumpled graphene spheres."
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images reveal the morphology of crumpled graphene balls (CGBs). These images show that each CGB is formed by a single graphene oxide (GO) sheet, resulting in a three-dimensional crumpled structure. The size of the CGBs depends on the size and thickness of the initial GO sheets. TEM images further display the folded nature of the graphene sheets within the CGBs, indicating a porous and crumpled architecture.
2. Cryogenic Synthesis via Liquid Nitrogen Freezing :
A cryogenic method involves freezing a chemically reduced graphene oxide (CRG) aqueous suspension using liquid nitrogen. This rapid freezing leads to the formation of highly crumpled graphene sheets (HCGSs) with porous structures composed of numerous crumpled and curved sheets. SEM and TEM images show that faster cooling rates result in more crumpled wrinkles and abundant pores on the graphene sheets. This method enhances the surface area and prevents aggregation of graphene sheets.
3. Aerosol Spray Drying Method :
Another approach to synthesize crumpled graphene involves aerosol spray drying. In this method, a GO suspension is nebulized to form aerosol particles, which are then carried through a heated tube furnace. The rapid evaporation of the solvent causes the GO sheets to crumple into spherical particles. SEM images depict these crumpled graphene balls, and TEM images reveal their internal folded structures.
4. Comprehensive Review on 3D Graphene Structures :
A review article discusses various synthesis strategies, properties, and applications of three-dimensional graphene-based spheres and crumpled balls. It highlights the advantages of these structures, such as large surface area, excellent conductivity, and stability, making them suitable for applications in batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, sensors, and more.
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Cryogenic synthesis of crumpled graphene spheres (CGSs) represents a breakthrough in scalable nanomaterial engineering. By rapidly freezing graphene oxide suspensions using cryogenic techniques (e.g., liquid nitrogen), researchers create highly wrinkled, porous spheres with exceptional structural stability and surface area. This method not only prevents sheet restacking but also preserves the chemical functionality of graphene, enabling wide applications in energy storage, catalysis, environmental remediation, and sensor technologies.
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